Objective: This review outlines the mechanisms and summarizes the information by which neuromodulation can occur, using mirror therapy, graded motor imagery, cognitive behavioral therapy, and hypnosis to treat complex regional pain syndrome.
Methods: We conducted a literature review of systematic reviews, meta-analyses, reviews, randomized controlled trials, and case reports involving the use of mirror therapy, graded motor imagery, cognitive behavioral therapy, and hypnosis as treatment for complex regional pain syndrome. Databases searched were PubMed and MEDLINE Complete.
Results: Twenty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. Current literature supports the use of mirror therapy and graded motor imagery through systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, reviews, and case studies. While the literature pertaining to cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnosis provided mixed results, with more recent randomized controlled trials providing support of their use in complex regional pain syndrome. This differs from previously published systematic reviews. Many included articles did not utilize selected therapies as singular interventions, but rather a complementary therapy.
Conclusion: Mirror therapy and graded motor imagery appear effective in treatment of complex regional pain syndrome, though cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnosis need further evaluation to determine their effectiveness.
Author keywords: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome; Biofeedback; Congnitive Behavioral Therapy; Chiropractic
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